State capitalism
By The Economist
From The Economist
Published: November 06, 2012
France and Germany lead a revival of state intervention.
Nov 3rd 2012 | from the print edition
THE biggest European merger for years collapsed last month. EADS, the owner of Airbus, and BAE Systems, a defence-and-aerospace group, will not tie the knot. The aim of the merger was to wrest both firms free of state interference. Now Big Brother is back.
Angela Merkel, Germany’s chancellor, is rushing ahead with plans for the German government to take a 15% stake in EADS before the end of the year, buying shares (through KfW, the state bank for reconstruction) that the Daimler car group and some banks want to ditch, thus bringing it level with the French government’s shareholding (see table).
The Germans have been concerned for some time about losing out to France on Airbus work, and have withheld some promised government loans for the latest big Airbus plane. Now, in a bid to strengthen Germany’s hand, Mrs Merkel appears to be taking a leaf out of the French book on industrial policy—opting for strategic stakes in privatised groups.
This startling reversal comes on top of new moves in France to extend the reach of government into troubled manufacturers. Last week, just as Germany was closing in on EADS, the French government guaranteed loans of some €7 billion ($9 billion) to the finance arm of PSA Peugeot Citroën, a carmaker. In return the government gets a seat on the board and guarantees that dividends and share buy-backs will be suspended for several years.
French observers are waiting to see whom the ministry of finance will name as the “independent” director. Critics fear that he or she might be a representative of the APE (the agency for state shareholdings), which reports to the ministries of finance and industry. Peugeot shares fell on the announcement of the financial support, because investors fear the door has been opened to a partial nationalisation.
The APE was formed in 2004 to oversee the jumble of residual state holdings that followed the 1990s privatisation wave (which undid the nationalisations of the early 1980s). In most cases the state held on to some shares. Last year the centre-right government of President Nicolas Sarkozy gave it more powers to manage its stakes: it became the core of a new industrial policy. Arnaud Montebourg, the new Socialist minister of industry, now shares oversight of the APE with his finance counterpart. There are rumours that he will force one of its charges—Thalès—into the arms of Safran, another aerospace group. Safran itself has only recently emerged from a disastrous period after it was created in 2005 by a forced marriage of Snecma (a successful maker of jet engines) and Sagem, a defence-electronics group.
The APE portfolio runs to 58 companies. Its stakes in the top 12 listed firms have a combined value of some €58 billion. These companies include not only privatised utilities such as EDF, France Télécom and GDF SUEZ, but also Air France KLM, EADS, Areva (a nuclear giant) and Renault, another carmaker. GDF SUEZ is an interesting case. The merger in 2007 of GDF, a state-owned gas group, and Suez, a private one, was hailed as a privatisation. But it now looks more like the partial nationalisation of Suez.
The forthcoming annual report of APE, some of which has leaked to Le Figaro, a French newspaper, will show that net profits across the state’s portfolio fell in 2011 from €7.9 billion to €5.8 billion—a drop of 26% on the previous year. The value of the holdings also fell by nearly 13%, while the French stockmarket rose by almost 5%. This lacklustre performance is probably not due to mismanagement. Rather, it is because the big energy stocks such as EDF and GDF Suez have done badly, thanks to weak demand for power in Europe.
There is more to the French government’s industrial influence than its shares in big firms. Last month the government announced the formation of a Banque Publique d’Investissement (BPI). Its main role will be to channel state funds to promising firms by taking small stakes alongside private-equity investors. (The BPI is formed from a merger of the Fonds Stratégique d’Investissement, created by the previous administration to jazz up finance for small and medium businesses, and OSEO, another state financier.)
François Hollande, France’s president, thinks the BPI can jump-start a French version of Germany’s Mittelstand. But the BPI also has a mandate to act generally in the public interest—which could justify bailing out any firm. One of its earliest acts was to invest some $150m in taking a 6% stake in CMA CGM, the world’s third-largest container-shipping line, formed from the merger of a privatised state firm and a private group, held largely by a Turkish family. Buffeted by the weak shipping market, the group is struggling to refinance its debts.
No one is suggesting that Europe’s economic crisis is driving a return to the mega-nationalisations that created the (now defunct) giant state holding companies such as Italy’s IRI or Spain’s INI in the aftermath of the 1930s depression. Indeed, the most beleaguered European governments, in Spain, Greece and Portugal, are desperately trying to privatise state assets to plug the holes in their budgets.
But when even centre-right governments such as Germany’s or the previous French administration start buying up industrial stakes, something is in the air. And comparisons with Barack Obama’s rescue of General Motors are inexact. President Obama’s government took control of car firms in a quick in-and-out operation, like financial Navy SEALs. Europe’s interventions may look less dramatic, but they could last much longer.
from the print edition | Business
國有財產私有化？搶救歐洲經濟策略
2012-11-06 Web only 作者：經濟學人
數年來最大宗的歐洲企業合併案於上個月破局；EADS和BAE Systems無緣結縭，而此合併案的目標就是讓兩間企業得以免受政府干預。現在，大政府回來了；德國總理梅克爾希望能在年底前取得EADS的15%股份，好追上法國政府的持股比率。
梅克爾似乎是在學習法國的產業政策，亦即在私有化企業中取得策略性持股。法國的APE成立於04年，其目的為監管90年代私有化潮流之後餘下的政府持股。
APE在12間最大的上市公司的持股總值約為580億歐元，這些企業不但包含EDF、法國電信、GDF SUEZ等私有化的公共事業，還有Air France KLM、EADS、Renault等企業。
GDF SUEZ是個十分有趣的案例；國營天然氣公司GDF於07年與私有的Suez合併，當時許多人盛讚那是國營企業私有化，但現在看起來卻比較像是Suez部分國有化。
法國政府的產業影響力亦不僅止於持有大企業股份。上個月，法國政府宣佈成立BPI，其主要任務為取得企業的小額股份，將國家資金導入具有前景的企業。法國總統歐蘭德認為，BPI可以帶動中小企業的發展，但BPI也得考量公眾利益，因此有可能得為企業提供援助。
這並不表示歐洲的經濟危機帶回了國有化潮流，事實上，西班牙、希臘、葡萄牙等身陷麻煩的政府，正急於將國有財產私有化，好填補預算缺口。不過，當德國這樣的中右派政府都開始收購產業股份之時，表示一定有什麼事情要發生了。
此作法與美國對通用汽車的援助不同，歐巴馬政府的援助是快進快出，就像是金融世界的海豹部隊；歐洲的介入或許看起來沒那麼激烈，但持續時間可能會久得多。（黃維德譯）
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